The “Silk Road” served the ancient China trade with the west from a very early time. Caravans carried their wares to West Asia and Eastern Europe more than two thousand years ago, and silk was already an important export to Europe in Roman times.
When the Europeans and their trading interests started arriving in Asia, the main trade routes changed to the sea. Ships allowed for faster transport of larger quantities. The old China trade flourished for three centuries.
Batavia ware Called after the Dutch port of Batavia, this type of porcelain is brown outside and was a favorite with the Dutch.
Subsequently, the majority of pottery and porcelain was shipped by sea, although it is known that some ceramics were also transported by land via the silk road.
It is known that ceramics were exported as early as the 9th century. During the Tang dynasty China already had maritime trade contacts with South Asia and the Middle East.
At that time much of the wares were shipped to Southeast Asian ports, and from there they would be taken along the South Asian coast. Theses coastal trade routes were used long before Zheng He's fleet ventured into the Indian Ocean.
During the Song dynasty the porcelain exported to the Middle East became a commodity of high value throughout the region and was particularly favored by the Ottoman Court. As a result, today the ceramics collection of the Topkapi
palace museum
in Turkey is one of the largest collections of early Chinese porcelain in the world.
In the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1206-1367) dynasties the majority of ceramics were produced for export. This may be one of the causes that today relatively few of the blue and white porcelain items produced during the Yuan dynasty remain in China itself. It was not until the late Ming dynasty that production for domestic use increased considerably; in the Qing dynasty it had shifted to fill mainly domestic demand.
One of the less known trading partners in the ancient China trade was Tondo. This pre-colonial kingdom in the Philippines was a major link in the ancient China trade long before the arrival of the European seafarers. Tondo was allowed to trade with China via the port of Fuzhou since the early Ming dynasty. Even during the Ming sea prohibition when all other trading contacts were broken off, Tondo was excepted and allowed to continue trading with Ming China under the pretense of "tribute". Tondo became a major trading point for transshipments to Southeast Asia in the old China trade. However, today it is known that there were trade contacts in existence between China and the Philippines already at a much earlier time, in the 10th century, during the Song dynasty.
European trading interests in the Far East and South East Asia
17th and 18th century ancient China trade
The Portuguese: The Portuguese were the first to reach China via the Cape of Good Hope, in the early 16th century, and they carried the first consignment of china wares via the cape to Europe.
Around 20 years after their arrival, in 1535, they obtained permission to carry out trading activities in the area of Macao. In the early 17th century the Portuguese shipped from current Macao to the port of Malacca, on the Malayan peninsula. The port of Malacca now became a major transshipment port to Europe and the Near East, as well as to other trading destinations in South East Asia. In 1641 the Dutch captured Malacca.
The Spanish: The Spanish entered the China trade only after establishing a colony in the Philippines. They traded mainly from their base in Manila with China but at one time they had forts in the northern part of Taiwan to protect their interests. Their sea trading route was leading over the Pacific and linked the Philippines and Mexico.
The Dutch: When the Dutch arrived, they proved to be the most ambitious player in the ancient China trade. They established their center of operation in Batavia (present-day Jakarta, Indonesia). From here they started aggressively monopolizing all European and regional trade with China.
The Dutch East India Company (V.O.C.) dominated China trade for almost two centuries. The Dutch were also able to obtain a trade monopoly from the shogunate in Edo (Japan), effectively becoming the only western people allowed to trade with Japan during its seclusion. Regional trade with Japan, Southeast Asia and South Asia became soon as important as the trade with Europe itself. See VOC Trading Routes in Asia.
After driving the Portuguese from Malacca they started to virtually dominate all trade, actively hindering the trade of others, including that of the Portuguese and the Spanish in Manila.
To trade with Ming China they established a trading post in Penghu (the Pescadores), an island group in the Taiwan straits. However, as the islands were regarded as important territory by the Ming court, the court soon required the Dutch to relocate from Penghu to the island of Taiwan, which Ming China had no interest in at the time.
The British East India Company: In the 18th century the British presence in region grew stronger, their main trading port was Guangzhou (old British name: Canton).
The Swedish (SOIC) East India Company: During the 80 years of its existence, the Swedish East India Company based in Göteborg made more than 120 highly successful voyages to Guangzhou to import porcelain and other goods from the port of Guangzhou.
Shipping Ports of the Ancient China Trade
Main port used for exporting in late Ming dynasty:
Fuzhou: this was the port via which the kingdom of Tondo traded with China since the early Ming dynasty
Yue port(月港) was the main port from where the porcelain from the kilns in the Zhangzhou area was shipped at the time. (See glossary)
In the Qing dynasty European traders used mainly:
Portuguese: Macao
Dutch: first Penghu (Pescadores islands), moved later to Anping in Taiwan
British: Guangzhou (Canton), moved later to Hong Kong
Spanish: established trading post in northern Taiwan, later from Manila via Portuguese Macao
